Learning Center

Battery Information

Note: The information contained in this document is for general purposes. It only represents technical opinions at the time of publishing. It does not guarantee any item or effect any product warranties given.

Ampere-Hours (Ah)
One ampere-hour is equal to a current of one ampere flowing for one hour. A unit-quantity of electricity used as a measure of the amount of electrical charge that may be obtained from a storage battery before it needs recharging.

Battery
A device that transforms chemical energy into electric energy. The amp hour (Ah) of a battery times the voltage gives the power available in watt hours (Wh).

Capacity
The electrical content of a battery as expressed in ampere-hours.

Charge
The process of restoring the electrical charge in a rechargeable battery.

Cycle
A single charge and discharge of a rechargeable battery.

Cycle Life
The number of cycles a battery provides before it is no longer usable. A battery is non-usable if its capacity falls below 60% to 80%.

Discharge Rate
The discharge rate of a battery is the relationship of its voltage level to the amount of time it has been discharging. In most primary batteries, the voltage will drop steadily as it is used. When used in a flashlight, for example, the brightness will decrease steadily over time. Secondary batteries, such as the NiCd and Lithium-ion, will maintain their rated voltage level for approximately two-thirds of the discharge cycle and shortly after that point is reached the voltage will drop to zero.

Electrode
Conducting element within a cell in which an electrochemical reaction occurs. It includes active materials plus conductive and supportive elements.

Electrolyte
A non-metallic conductor of electricity (typically liquid) between the positive and negative electrodes of a battery. The current is produced by physical movement of ions from one electrode to the other through the electrolyte.

Energy
Voltage multiplied by current and is expressed in watts.

Energy Density
The amount of energy a battery contains. Gravimetric energy is the watt-hours a battery is capable of producing per given weight, and volumetric energy is the watt-hours per given physical size of the battery.

Fast Charge
Fast charge time for a NiCd battery is 1 to 3 hours. The fast-charger detects the state-of-charge and switches to trickle charge when full charge is reached.

Intrinsically Safe Battery
Contains built-in protection circuitry for use in explosive environments. These environments include oil refineries, mines, grain elevators and fuel handling at airports which are typically serviced by two-way radios. Intrinsically safe batteries prevent high heat and electric spark on equipment failure. Their cost is two to three times the cost of a similar battery that is not rated "intrinsically safe".

Memory
Reversible capacity loss in NiCd, and to some extent NiMH batteries. The physical process that causes the memory effect is formation of potassium-hydroxide crystals inside the battery cells. This build up of crystals interferes with the chemical process of generating electrons during the next battery-use cycle.

This condition is caused by repeatedly discharging the battery to only, for example, 50% of its capacity. The battery "remembers" this discharge point and superficially "needs" a charge whenever it is discharged to the 50% level. This condition may be overcome by discharging the battery completely and charging it fully. It may take several cycles for the battery to attain maximum capacity. (See Recondition).

Overcharge
Charging a battery after it reaches full charge. The battery can no longer absorb a charge and it heats up excessively. Prolonged high temperatures can damage the battery.

Passivation Layer
A resistive layer that forms in some cells after prolonged storage. This layer must be broken to enable proper operation which can be done by cycling the battery several times.

Primary Battery
A battery that is designed to be cycled (fully discharged) only once then discarded. Primary batteries have a higher energy density than secondary batteries. As an example, a primary alkaline battery provides 50% more power than a lithium-ion battery of similar size.

Recondition
A deep discharge causing a change to the molecular structure of the cell and a rebuilding of its chemical composition. Recondition helps break down large crystals to a more desirable small size, often restoring the battery to its full capacity. Applies to nickel-based batteries.

Secondary Battery
Commonly known as a rechargeable battery. The electromechanical action is reversible so that the battery may be recharged by passing current through the cells in the opposite direction to that of the discharge. Usually designed to have a lifetime of between 100 and 1000 recharge cycles, depending on the composite materials. Secondary batteries are generally more cost effective overtime than primary batteries since they can be recharged and reused. A single discharge cycle of primary battery, however, will provide more current for a longer period of time than a single discharge cycle of an equivalent secondary battery.

Self-Discharge
Capacity loss during storage due to the internal leakage between the positive and negative cell plates. The self-discharge rate will vary with battery type.

Shelf-Life
The amount of time a battery can be stored without a significant loss in energy capacity. Aging is subject to storage temperature and state-of-charge. While primary batteries have a shelf life of up to 10 years, lithium-based batteries are good for 2 to 3 years whether used or not. Cool storage at a 40% charge level prolongs longevity. Nickel- based batteries are good for 5 years or longer but require priming to regain performance after long storage.

TYPES OF BATTERIES

PRIMARY (Non-Rechargeable)

Alkaline Battery
Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Alkaline batteries can have a useful life of five to six times that of the older zinc-carbon batteries. Alkaline batteries have a high rated capacity, but they can only deliver their full capacity if the power is used slowly. Shelf life is up to 7 years. Self discharge rate is around 5% per year.

Lithium Battery
Lithium is a promising, fast-growing reactant in battery technology. Lithium is the lightest known metal which results in a battery weighing 33% less than alkaline. It has a shelf life of over 10 years and is the best non-rechargeable power source for heavy drain and frequent use. Primary Lithium batteries can last three times longer than alkaline batteries of the same size. Self-discharge rate is approximately 0.5% per year at room temperature. Lithium batteries must be handled with care. Lithium is highly volatile when mixed with air or water as it forms hydrogen which is explosive.

SECONDARY (Rechargeable)

Nickel Cadmium Battery. (NiCd-Pronounced NiCad)
The most widely used household rechargeable battery. They are rugged and reliable, exhibit a high-power capability, and offer a wide operating temperature range and a long cycle life. May be cycled between 600 to 1000 times if maintained well. Self-discharge rate is approximately 1%per day. Life is extended if the battery is periodically discharged and charged. They suffer from "memory effect" and contain material unfriendly to the environment.

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
NiMH batteries are much lighter and offer up to 40% more energy capacity than a traditional NiCad battery of equal size. This battery is less prone to the "memory effect" of NiCds and they are environmentally friendly. Shallow rather than deep discharges are preferable and the battery's longevity is directly related to the depth of discharge. The service life is limited to 200to 300 cycles, under heavy load, and their shelf life is only three years. Self-discharge rate is50% higher than NiCds or 2% per day.

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion)
Lithium Ion battery is the fastest growing technology in the industry. It offers high energy density and low weight (35% less than NiMH). The high energy density is attributed to the higher voltage per cell, 3.0 to 3.5 volts, as opposed to other types of batteries which produce a maximum of 1.2 to 1.25 volts per cell. The lithium in this battery is not in metal form but in the form of lithium ions (atoms) which make them safer than the primary version. Shallow discharge cycles are no problem. Electronic protection circuits are included in the lithium-ion battery packs to limit voltage and current. Typical discharge cycles are between 300 to 500 and the shelf life is two to three years whether used or not. The self-discharge rate is approximately 5% to 10% per month. This battery is environmentally safe.

Battery Charging
Always use the charger recommended by the battery manufacturer. Batteries of different chemistries require different chargers. If too much current is applied the battery may overheat(greatly diminishing battery life), leak or explode. If not enough current is applied the battery may never become fully charged since the self-discharge rate may nullify the charging effort.

NiCd
Under normal conditions NiCd batteries prefer a constant current charge. Overcharging may cause overheating and the "memory effect" to take place. This type of battery will absorb heat(cool down) during the first 25% of the charging cycle and then generate heat until charged. Of all of the secondary batteries the NiCd will take the most abuse during use and in the charging process. The life may be prolonged by fully discharging and charging the battery once per month.

NiMH
The NiMH battery generates considerably more heat during charging and requires a more complex algorithm for full-charge detection. Most NiMH batteries are equipped with internal temperature sensing to assist in full-charge detection. They cannot accept as fast a charge as a nod and the charge time is double that of a NiCd.

Li-ion
Charge them often. It is very important, for safety reasons, to use the charger approved by the battery manufacturer. The Li-ion charger is typically a constant current/constant voltage charger. Fully discharging (below 2.4 volts) will cause the electrodes to corrode through a process that cannot be reversed by recharging. If this occurs, battery capacity will be lost and the cells maybe completely destroyed. A discharged battery can be charged in approximately three hours. Overcharging (trickle charge) will damage this battery and may present a safety hazard.

BATTERY CARE
Store in cool dry environment. Heat and moisture decrease shelf life.

Alkaline battery life may be increased by storage in the refrigerator. Low temperatures slowdown the chemical process of self-discharge. Some battery manufacturers disagree.

1. Store at a charge level of 40% to 50%.
2. Do not allow any metallic device to touch the positive and negative terminals simultaneously(short circuit). This will cause overheating and damage to the battery.
3. Don't carry batteries in a pocket. Keys etc., may cause a short circuit and overheat causing damage to the battery and to the body.
4. Do not attempt to recharge primary batteries.
5. Do not dispose of batteries in a fire; explosion may occur.
6. Do not disassemble a battery. Bodily contact with battery components may cause skin irritation, burns and possible nerve damage. Acidic or alkaline electrolyte will cause skin irritations or burns; electrode materials such as cadmium are toxic; lithium, when exposed to air or water may explode.

END OF LIFE

Primary Batteries
When discharged the battery is no longer useful a must be discarded according to the manufacturers directions.

Secondary Batteries
All secondary batteries will eventually fail due to age, expended components, or physical damage. A battery, when properly maintained, will fail through gradual loss of capacity. To the user, this gradual failure will appear as a frequent need to charge the battery. Dispose of according to the manufacturers directions.

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Flashlight Manufacturer Asks Users to Participate in National Call2Recycle™ Program

EAGLEVILLE, PA. — April 21, 2008 — Streamlight®, Inc. a leading manufacturer of professional-grade flashlights, is observing Earth Day by reminding flashlight users everywhere to keep rechargeable batteries out of the solid waste system by recycling them through a program called Call2Recycle™. The national program is directed by the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC).

Funded by Streamlight and other manufacturers and marketers of portable rechargeable batteries and products, the program lets consumers return their used Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd), Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH), Lithium Ion (Li-ion) and other rechargeable batteries to participating national retail chains such as The Home Depot, RadioShack, Circuit City, Best Buy, Lowe's, and Target. For the closest location, users can visit www.rbrc.org or call 1-800-8-BATTERY.

RBRC provides its battery recycling seals to licensees like Streamlight to imprint on rechargeable battery packs to ensure that returned battery packs are easily identified as recyclable by end users and retailers. The used batteries are sent to a metals recovery facility where cadmium and other materials are reclaimed and used to produce new products. While these heavy metals present no threat to human health or the environment when being used, they eventually will need to be replaced, and they can and should be recycled in order to preserve the environment. Since 1996, RBRC has recycled more than 42 million pounds of rechargeable batteries.

"Recycling rechargeable flashlight batteries is as easy as taking them to the nearest participating Call2Recycle national retailer," said Streamlight Chief Operating Officer Ray Sharrah. "We encourage rechargeable flashlight users to join with Streamlight and other manufacturers in protecting the environment by taking this simple step."

Headquartered in Eagleville, PA, Streamlight, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of high-performance lighting equipment for professional automotive, fire fighting, law enforcement, military, industrial and outdoor applications. Streamlight is an ISO 9001:2000 registered company. For additional information please call 800-523-7488 or visit www.streamlight.com.

About RBRC
The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) is a nonprofit, public service organization dedicated to rechargeable battery recycling. There are over 50,000 retail, business, and community collection locations enrolled in RBRC's rechargeable battery recycling program throughout Canada and the United States. RBRC is funded by more than 350 manufacturers and marketers of portable rechargeable batteries and products. RBRC's public education campaign and recycling program is the result of the rechargeable power industry's commitment to conserve natural resources and prevent rechargeable batteries from entering the solid waste stream. For more information, call 877-2-RECYCLE or visit www.call2recycle.org.

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  How To Prolong Lithium-Based Batteries

Battery research is focusing heavily on lithium chemistries, so much so that one could presume that all portable devices will be powered with lithium-ion batteries in the future. In many ways, lithium-ion is superior to nickel and lead-based chemistries and the applications for lithium-ion batteries are growing as a result.

Lithium-ion has not yet fully matured and is being improved continuously. New metal and chemical combinations are being tried every six months to increase energy density and prolong service life. The improvements in longevity after each change will not be known for a few years.

A lithium-ion battery provides 300-500 discharge/charge cycles. The battery prefers a partial rather than a full discharge. Frequent full discharges should be avoided when possible. Instead, charge the battery more often or use a larger battery. There is no concern of memory when applying unscheduled charges.

Although lithium-ion is memory-free in terms of performance deterioration, batteries with fuel gauges exhibit what engineers refer to as "digital memory". Here is the reason: Short discharges with subsequent recharges do not provide the periodic calibration needed to synchronize the fuel gauge with the battery's state-of-charge. A deliberate full discharge and recharge every 30 charges corrects this problem. Letting the battery run down to the cut-off point in the equipment will do this. If ignored, the fuel gauge will become increasingly less accurate. (Read more in 'Choosing the right battery for portable computing', Part Two.)

Aging of lithium-ion is an issue that is often ignored. A lithium-ion battery in use typically lasts between 2-3 years. The capacity loss manifests itself in increased internal resistance caused by oxidation. Eventually, the cell resistance reaches a point where the pack can no longer deliver the stored energy although the battery may still have ample charge. For this reason, an aged battery can be kept longer in applications that draw low current as opposed to a function that demands heavy loads. Increasing internal resistance with cycle life and age is typical for cobalt-based lithium-ion, a system that is used for cell phones, cameras and laptops because of high energy density. The lower energy dense manganese-based lithium-ion, also known as spinel, maintains the internal resistance through its life but loses capacity due to chemical decompositions. Spinel is primarily used for power tools.

The speed by which lithium-ion ages is governed by temperature and state-of-charge. Figure 1 illustrates the capacity loss as a function of these two parameters.


Figure 1: Permanent capacity loss of lithium-ion as a function of temperature and charge level.

High charge levels and elevated temperatures hasten permanent capacity loss. Improvements in chemistry have increased the storage performance of lithium-ion batteries.

The mentioning of limited service life on lithium-ion has caused concern in the battery industry and I will need to add some clarifications. Let me explain:

If someone asks how long we humans live, we would soon find out that the longevity varies according to life style and living conditions that exist in different countries. Similar conditions exist with the batteries, lithium-ion in particular. Since BatteryUniversity bases its information on the feedback from users as opposed to scientific information derived from a research lab, longevity results may differ from manufacturer' specifications. Let's briefly look at the various living conditions of the lithium-ion battery.

The worst condition is keeping a fully charged battery at elevated temperatures, which is the case with running laptop batteries. If used on main power, the battery inside a laptop will only last for 12-18 months. I must hasten to explain that the pack does not die suddenly but begins with reduced run-times.

The voltage level to which the cells are charged also plays an important role to longevity. For safety reasons, most lithium-ion cannot exceed 4.20 volts per cell. While a higher voltage boosts capacity, the disadvantage is lower cycle life. Figure 2 shows the cycle life as a function of charge voltage.



There are no remedies to restore lithium-ion once worn out. A momentary improvement in performance is noticeable when heating up the battery. This lowers the internal resistance momentarily but the condition reverts back to its former state when the temperature drops. Cold temperature will increase the internal resistance.

If possible, store the battery in a cool place at about a 40% state-of-charge. Some reserve charge is needed to keep the battery and its protection circuit operational during prolonged storage. Avoid keeping the battery at full charge and high temperature. This is the case when placing a cell phone or spare battery in a hot car. Running a laptop computer on the mains has a similar temperature problem. While the battery is kept fully charged, the inside temperature during operation rises to 45°C (113°F).

Removing the battery from the laptop when running on fixed power protects the battery from heat. With the concern of the battery overheating and causing fire, a spokesperson for the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission advises to eject the battery of affected laptops and to run the machines on a power cord. It should be noted that on a power outage, unsaved works will be lost. The question is often asked, should the laptop be disconnected from the main when not in use? Under normal circumstances, it should not matter with lithium-ion. Once the battery is fully charged, no further charge is applied. However, there is always the concern is malfunction of the AC adapter, the laptop or the battery.

A large number of lithium-ion batteries for cell phones are being discarded under the warranty return policy. Some failed batteries are sent to service centers or the manufacturer, where they are refurbished. Studies show that 80%-90% of the returned batteries can be repaired and returned to service.

Some lithium-ion batteries fail due to excessive low discharge. If discharged below 2.5 volts per cell, the internal safety circuit opens and the battery appears dead. A charge with the original charger is no longer possible. Some battery analyzers (Cadex) feature a boost function that reactivates the protection circuit of a failed battery and enables a recharge. However, if the cell voltage has fallen below 1.5V/cell and has remained in that state for a few months, a recharge should be avoided because of safety concerns. To prevent failure, never store the battery fully discharged. Apply some charge before storage, and then charge fully before use.

All personal computers (and some other electronic devices) contain a battery for memory back up. This battery is commonly a small non-rechargeable lithium cell, which provides a small current when the device is turned off. The PC uses the battery to retain certain information when the power is off. These are the BIOS settings, current date and time, as well as resource assignment for Plug and Play systems. Storage does shorten the service life of the backup battery to a few years. Some say 1-2 years. By keeping the computer connected to the main, albeit turned off, a battery on the PC motherboards should be good for 5-7 years. A PC should give the advanced warning when battery gets low. A dead back-up battery will wipe out the volatile memory and erase certain settings. After battery is replaced, the PC should again be operational.

Longevity of high-power lithium-ion Generally speaking, batteries live longer if treated in a gentle manner. High charge voltages, excessive charge rate and extreme load conditions will have a negative effect and shorten the battery life. This also applies to high current rate lithium-ion batteries.

Not only is it better to charge lithium-ion battery at a slower charge rate, high discharge rates also contribute the extra wear and tear. Figure 3 shows the cycle life as a function of charge and discharge rates. Observe the good laboratory performance if the battery is charged and discharged at 1C. (A 0.5C charge and discharge would further improve this rating.)



Battery experts agree that the life of lithium-ion depends on other factors than charge and discharge rates. Even though incremental improvements can be achieved with careful use of the battery, our environment and the services required are not always conducive to achieve optimal battery life. The longevity of a battery is often a direct result of the environmental stresses applied.

Simple Guidelines

• Avoid frequent full discharges because this puts additional strain on the battery. Several partial discharges with frequent recharges are better for lithium-ion than one deep one. Recharging a partially charged lithium-ion does not cause harm because there is no memory. (In this respect, lithium-ion differs from nickel-based batteries.) Short battery life in a laptop is mainly cause by heat rather than charge / discharge patterns.
• Batteries with fuel gauge (laptops) should be calibrated by applying a deliberate full discharge once every 30 charges. Running the pack down in the equipment does this. If ignored, the fuel gauge will become increasingly less accurate and in some cases cut off the device prematurely.
• Keep the lithium-ion battery cool. Avoid a hot car. For prolonged storage, keep the battery at a 40% charge level.
• Consider removing the battery from a laptop when running on fixed power. (Some laptop manufacturers are concerned about dust and moisture accumulating inside the battery casing.)
• Avoid purchasing spare lithium-ion batteries for later use. Observe manufacturing dates. Do not buy old stock, even if sold at clearance prices.
• If you have a spare lithium-ion battery, use one to the fullest and keep the other cool by placing it in the refrigerator. Do not freeze the battery. For best results, store the battery at 40% state-of-charge.

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    Inova T4

The Inova T4 is solid metal, very bright, and has a good beam pattern with no irregularities. The threads on the lens and battery cover are well machined—the whole thing just feels like a quality instrument.

The Inova T4 is rechargeable, and a cradle is included, along with an AC adapter and a power source for your car. The best thing is it's a smart charging system—you are meant to leave the light in the cradle as much as you want so that it stays topped off. (It's a lithium-ion battery so there is no "memory effect" to worry about either.) Another important point is that the power is regulated, so that the beam never dims. It runs at full brightness until the battery is too weak, and then it shuts off. That's important to protect the battery. Lithium rechargeables can be damaged by running them totally flat, which the T4 makes impossible. So, if you are the kind of person who would consider spending a little more on a flashlight—a flashlight that'll last until the end of days—the Inova T4 should be on your list of candidates.



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   LEDs

Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs, are real unsung heroes in the electronics world. They do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things, they form the numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor.

LED Advantages
While all diodes release light, most don't do it very effectively. In an ordinary diode, the semiconductor material itself ends up absorbing a lot of the light energy. LEDs are specially constructed to release a large number of photons outward. Additionally, they are housed in a plastic bulb that concentrates the light in a particular direction. As you can see in the diagram, most of the light from the diode bounces off the sides of the bulb, traveling on through the rounded end.



LEDs have several advantages over conventional incandescent lamps. For one thing, they don't have a filament that will burn out, so they last much longer. Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits.

But the main advantage is efficiency. In conventional, incandescent bulbs the light-production process involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must be warmed). This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the lamp as a heater, because a huge portion of the available electricity isn't going toward producing visible light. LEDs generate very little heat, relatively speaking. A much higher percentage of the electrical power is going directly to generating light, which cuts down on the electricity demands considerably.

Up until recently, LEDs were too expensive to use for most lighting applications because they're built around advanced semiconductor material. The price of semiconductor devices has plummeted over the past decade, however, making LEDs a more cost-effective lighting option for a wide range of situations. While they may be more expensive than incandescent lights up front, their lower cost in the long run can make them a better buy. In the future, they will play an even bigger role in the world of technology.

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  Product Fact Sheet

TLR-1
Rail Mounted Tactical Light

MARKET

APPLICATIONS: Law Enforcement, Security, Military, Home Defense

DESCRIPTION: Lightweight, compact design, lithium battery powered Gun-Mounted Tactical Light. Light is built with a Luxeon® Super Hi Flux LED providing at least 2.5 hours of continuous run time. Rail clamp designed to rapidly attach/detach from side of weapon.

CASE MATERIAL: 6000 Series machined aircraft aluminum with black anodized finish.

DIMENSIONS: Length: 3.26 in. (8.28 cm) Width: 1.47 in. (3.73 cm) Height: 1.44 in. (3.65 cm)

WEIGHT: 4.18 oz (118.6 grams)*

LENS: High temperature, shock mounted, impact resistant, Boro Float Glass lens.

LIGHT SOURCE: 3 Watt Luxeon® LED, impervious to shock with a 20,000 hour lifetime.

LIGHT OUTPUT: LED Rating: 80 Lumens typical. Deep-dish parabolic reflector produces long-range targeting beam with optimum peripheral illumination to aid navigation.

ON/OFF: Ambidextrous momentary/steady On-Off switch

RUN TIME: 2.5 hours continuous run time. Solid-state current regulation for consistent illumination level.

BATTERY: Two (2) 3 Volt CR123A lithium batteries, with a storage life of 10 years.

FEATURES: Super Hi Flux LED, ambidextrous momentary/steady On-Off switch.
One handed snap-on and tighten interface keeps hands away from muzzle when attaching/detaching. Securely fits a broad range of weapons.
Mounts directly to handguns with Glock-style rails and to all MIL-STD-1913 (Picatinny) rails.
Extensively live-fire tested impact resistant construction.
Operating temperature: -40°F to +120°F.
Waterproof to one meter.

APPROVALS**: Meets applicable European Community Directives.

WARRANTY: "No Excuses" limited lifetime warranty.

OPTIONAL

ACCESSORIES: Mounting Adapters, Filters, Keys for S&W 99 and TSW
*With batteries (included in purchase).

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  Product Fact Sheet

TLR-2
Rail Mounted Tactical Light with Laser Sight

MARKET

APPLICATIONS: Law Enforcement, Security, Military, Home Defense

DESCRIPTION: Lightweight, compact design, lithium battery powered Gun-Mounted Tactical Light with integrated aiming laser. Light is built with a shock-proof Luxeon® Super High Flux LED providing at least 2.5 hours of continuous run time when in dual mode with the high power visible laser. Rail clamp designed to rapidly attach/detach from side of weapon. Fits existing holsters.

CASE MATERIAL: 6000 Series machined aircraft aluminum with black anodized finish main body. High impact, chemically resistant engineering polymer laser housing.

DIMENSIONS: Length: 3.26 in. (8.28 cm) Width: 1.47 in. (3.73 cm) Height: 1.83in. (4.64 cm)

WEIGHT: 4.72 oz (133.8 grams)*

LENS: High temperature, shock mounted, impact resistant, Boro Float Glass lens.

LIGHT SOURCE: 3 Watt Luxeon® LED, impervious to shock with a 20,000 hour lifetime. 650-660 nm Laser

LIGHT OUTPUT: LED Rating: 80 Lumens typical. Deep-dish parabolic reflector produces long-range targeting beam with optimum peripheral illumination to aid navigation.

ON/OFF: Ambidextrous momentary/steady On-Off switch. Three position Mode Selector switch (Laser only, LED Illumination only, both)

RUN TIME: 2.5 hours continuous runtime, Laser/LED Simultaneously. Solid-state current regulation for consistent illumination level. 45+ Hours Laser-only mode.

BATTERY: Two (2) 3 Volt CR123A lithium battery, with a storage life of 10 years.

FEATURES: Super Hi Flux LED, ambidextrous momentary/steady On-Off switch.
One handed snap-on and tighten interface keeps hands away from muzzle when attaching/detaching. Securely fits a broad range of weapons. Mounts directly to handguns with Glock-style rails and to all MIL-STD-1913 (Picatinny) rails. Extensively live-fire tested impact resistant construction. Windage and Elevation adjustment screws mounted in brass bushings for long life and dependable zero retention. Highly accurate sight repeatability when remounting. Operating temperature: -40°F to +120°F.

APPROVALS**: Meets applicable European Community Directives.

WARRANTY: "No Excuses" limited lifetime warranty.

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES: Mounting Adapters, Filters, Keys for S&W 99 and TSW *With batteries (included in purchase).

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